The Soviet Weapons Program - The Tsar Bomba. The World's Largest Nuclear Weapon. Last updated 3 September 2.
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AM 3. 0 October 1. Moscow Time)Location: Mityushikha Bay test range, testfield D- 2, Novaya Zemlya Island(located above the arctic circlein the Arctic Sea). Approximatecoordinates were 7. N, 5. 4. 5. 0ETest Height and Type: Parachute retarded airburst,4. Yield: 5. 0 Megatons. Maximum Design Yield. Megatons. Weight.
Approx. 2. 7 tonnes(2. On. 10 July 1. 96.
Nikita Khrushchev met with Andrei Sakharov,then the senior weapon designer, and directed him to developa 1. This device had to be ready for a testseries due to begin in September so that the series wouldcreate maximum political impact (a bomb this size isvirtually useless militarily). Sakharov returned to. Arzamas- 1. 6, and selected a design team consisting of Victor.
Adamskii, Yuri Babaev, Yuri Trutnev, and Yuri Smirnov (wholater oversaw the transformation of this design into afielded weapon). The bomb was tested only 1. Theparachute ensured that a load factor greater than 5 g would notbe encountered, and that the descent speed would be 2. The parachute shown is a version adapted to spacevehicle recovery in the Russian Atomic Museum . This three stage weapon was actually a 1. This reduced the yield by 5.
Mt), yet still proved the full yield design. The effect of this bomb at full yield on global fallout would have been tremendous. It would have increased the world's total fission fallout since the invention of the atomic bomb by 2. The nickname Tsar Bomba is a reference to a famous Russian tradition for making gigantic artifacts for show.
The world's largest bell (the Tsar Kolokol) and cannon (the Tsar Pushka) are on display at the Kremlin . Having come to power by overthowing and assassinating the last royal family of Russia, the Soviet leadership would never have countenanced such a royalist name, but this designation has become popular in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The test was conducted by air dropping the bomb from a specially modified Tu- 9. N . It was released at 1. By that time the release bomber was already in the safe zone about 4. The drop area was over land at the Mityushikha Bay test site, on the west coast of Novaya Zemlya Island, above test field D- 2, near Cape Sukhoy Nos. Durnovtsev was immediately promoted to lieutenant colonel and made Hero of the Soviet Union.
The Tu- 9. 5 was accompanied by a Tu- 1. The time of the test is given by . The bomb design team and the test supervisors, headed by Major General Nikolai Pavlov, Chairman of the State Commission, monitored the test at the airfield near Olenya station on the Kola Peninsula 1. Observers were also at many other locations. Among these were Soviet Minister of Medium Machine Building Efim Slavsky and Marshal of the Soviet Union Kirill Moskalenko, deputies to the 2. Congress of the CPSU then in session, who had arrived by plane on the day of the test to observe the explosion.
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Sakharov himself stayed by the phone, presumably at Arzamas- 1. Maj. Pavlov. The effects were spectacular. Despite the very substantial burst height of 4,0.
Earth, and swelled upward to nearly the height of the release plane. The blast pressure below the burst point was 3. PSI, six times the peak pressure experienced at Hiroshima. The flash of light was so bright that it was visible at a distance of 1,0. One participant in the test saw a bright flash through dark goggles and felt the effects of a thermal pulse even at a distance of 2. One cameraman recalled. The clouds beneath the aircraft and in the distance were lit up by the powerful flash.
The sea of light spread under the hatch and even clouds began to glow and became transparent. At that moment, our aircraft emerged from between two cloud layers and down below in the gap a huge bright orange ball was emerging. The ball was powerful and arrogant like Jupiter. Slowly and silently it crept upwards..
Having broken through the thick layer of clouds it kept growing. It seemed to suck the whole earth into it. The spectacle was fantastic, unreal, supernatural.
All buildings in Severny (both wooden and brick), at a distance of 5. In districts hundreds of kilometers from ground zero, wooden houses were destroyed, and stone ones lost their roofs, windows and doors; and radio communications were interrupted for almost one hour. The atmospheric disturbance generated by the explosion orbited the earth three times. A gigantic mushroom cloud rose as high as 6.
Despite being exploded in the atmosphere, it generated substantial seismic signals. According to a bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey it had seismic magnitude mb = 5. The blast wave was detected circling the world. The snow has melted and their sides and edges are shiny. There is not a trace of unevenness in the ground.. Everything in this area has been swept clean, scoured, melted and blown away.
Only when radio contact with Novaya Zemlya was reestablished were they able to request information on the altitude of the cloud, and it became clear that the bomb had worked as designed. The Tu- 9. 5 was painted with a special white reflective paint to protect it from the thermal radiation of the fireball. The airborne laboratory plane was also covered with the same paint. In clear air, the 5. Mt test was capable in principle of inflicting third degree burns at a distance of up to 1. The area of effectively complete destruction extended to 2.
The destruction and damage of buildings occurred sporadically at much greater ranges than this due to the effects of atmospheric focusing, an unpredictable but unavoidable phenomenon with very large atmospheric explosions that is capable of generating localized regions of destructive blast pressure at great distances (even exceeding 1. Origin, Development, and Test Preparations. Like the entire 1. Tsar Bomba was the result of political calculation by the Soviet leadership, especially of Premier Nikita Khrushchev. A de facto moratorium had existed between the U.
S., USSR and UK since the conclusion of the last U. S. But the Cold War continued at high pitch, with the occasional reductions in tension being only partial and transitory phenomena. Many high- stakes cards remained to be played by the Soviets - the erection of the Berlin Wall and the deployment of missiles to Cuba being notable examples. The decision to break the moratorium with a . There was no discussion of whether more tests were necessary or desirable, which Sakharov, the senior weapon designer, very much doubted. Khrushchev simply began the meeting with a speech declaring that tests would resume in the fall to 'show the imperialists what we could do', a decision that came as a surprise to the scientists present. Khrushchev specifically cited as the primary motivation a political rather than a technical justification - his view that the international situation was deteriorating .
From there on until the end of the test series it was an all- out effort to ready as many designs, concepts, and devices for testing as possible. Available sources do not make it clear where the idea of the 1. Sakharov does not mention this device being proposed at the 1.
July meeting, but first refers to it in connection with a mid- August review: . Comments by Reed and Kramish . The detailed account by Adamsky and Smirnov . They do state that the development of the device began in the middle of July (i. The Soviet Union had only one delivery system capable of carrying a weapon of this size - a handful of the relatively slow prop- driven Tu- 9. A 1. 00 Mt weapon can level urban areas in a zone 6. West Germany) and eye damage to 2.
Such a weapon can only be used as a means of destroying an entire urban region - a major urban complex including suburbs and even neighboring cities. This scale of destruction is much larger than any discrete urban area in Western Europe. With its dense settlement, use of such a weapon in Europe is equivalent to an attack on a major portion of an entire nation and its population. Fallout from a low altitude or surface burst in central England could produce lethal exposures extending into the Warsaw Pact nations; a similar explosion in West Germany could create lethal fallout as far as the Soviet border. Even in the United States there were only three urban regions at that time large enough to conceivably merit attack with such a weapon - New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
On any smaller target it would be simple overkill. Even if the Tu- 9. Chicago, the closest plausible U. S. He included Viktor Adamsky, Yuri N. Babaev, Yuri Trutnev, and the newly arrived Yuri Smirnov, then 2.
Sakharov indicates that the lead responsibility for the project lay with Adamsky and V. P. The mathematical analysis normally conducted by the Soviet weapon scientists for a new thermonuclear weapon design was skipped, substituting estimates and approximations of various kinds.
This created uncertainties about the system performance that cropped up late in the preparations - leading to eleventh hour doubts, and last minute design modifications even while assembly was underway. By the mid- August review, held after 1. August (Sakharov states that is was 'after the Berlin Wall had been built') and thus after about 4 weeks of work, Sakharov had decided to test a reduced yield .
At this review Khrushchev said that he had already disclosed the planned test of this device to visiting dignitaries from the U. S. Khrushchev identified the dignitary as an unidentified U. S. By pre- announcing the event, Khrushchev exhibited great confidence in his weapon development team, and also placed extreme pressure on them. In any ordinary test of a new weapon design a failure results in only a delay in successful completion (and the cost of the materials expended). Now any marked deviation in yield would result in the loss of the planned propaganda value in which Khrushchev placed so much emphasis.